آشنایی با پایتون

کلیدهای میانبر

1) ESC ============> فعال سازی کلیدهای میانبر

2) ESC + h =========>راهنمای (کمکی) کلیدهای میانبر

3) ESC + a =========> create a cell above

4) ESC + b =========> create a cell below

5) ESC + dd ========> delete cell

6) ESC + z =========> undo (ESC + Command + Z redo)

7) SHIFT + ENTER ===> run the cell

8) Command + / =====> comment (again uncomment)

دستور چاپ یا پرینت

print("با درود و آرزوی سلامتی")

با درود و آرزوی سلامتی

print(2)

2

عملیات ساده ماشین حسابی با پایتون

print(2+4)

6

4 + 5

9

5 * 4

20

8 / 2

4.0

(2 + 4 * (1 + 5))*2

52

2 ** 3

8

5 / 2

2.5

5//2

2

7/4, 7//4

(1.75, 1)

7 % 4

3

متغییرها و انواع آنها

x = 5
x

5

5 * x

25

x = 2
x

2

y = 3
y

3

z = x + y
z

5

w = z ** 2
x, y ,z, w

(2, 3, 5, 25)

9 ** 0.5

3.0

25 ** 1/2

12.5

25 ** (1/2)

5.0

r = 2.25
r

2.25

abs(-34)

34

complex(7, 3)

(7+3j)

C1 = 2 + 5j
C1

(2+5j)

C2 = 3 + 4j
C2

(3+4j)

C3 = C1 + C2
C3

(5+9j)

C4 = C1 * C2
C4

(-14+23j)

b = book
b

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_89974/2291144819.py in <module>
----> 1 b = book
      2 b

NameError: name 'book' is not defined

b = "book"
b

'book'

c = 'car'
c

'car'

type(x)

int

type(r)

float

type(C1)

complex

type(b)

str

type(c)

str

B = (4 == 2 * 2)
B

True

B1 = (4 > 7)
B1

False

type(B)

bool

type(B1)

bool

چاپ با فرمت و بدون فرمت

t = 1.234567
print(f"Default output gives t = {t}.")
print(f"We can set the precision: t = {t:.2}.") 
print(f"Or control the number of decimals: t = {t:.2f}.")
print(f"We may set the space used for the output: t = {t:10.2f}.")

Default output gives t = 1.234567.
We can set the precision: t = 1.2.
Or control the number of decimals: t = 1.23.
We may set the space used for the output: t =       1.23.

A similar feature can be used for integers:

r = 587
print(f"Integer set to occupy exactly 8 chars of space: r = {r:9d}")

Integer set to occupy exactly 8 chars of space: r =       587

g outputs a floating point number in the most compact form:

a = 786345687.12
b = 1200555.345
print(f"Without the format specifier: a = {a}, b = {b}.") 
print(f"With the format specifier: a = {a:g}, b = {b:g}.")

Without the format specifier: a = 786345687.12, b = 1200555.345.
With the format specifier: a = 7.86346e+08, b = 1.20056e+06.

print(f"{2*3}")

6

print("{2*3}")

{2*3}

print(f"{2*3:f}")

6.000000

print(f"{2*3:.2f}")

6.00

print(f"{2*3:.5f}")

6.00000

print(f"{2*3:20.5f}")

             6.00000

print(f"{2*3:.2d}")

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_31549/1600932916.py in <module>
----> 1 print(f"{2*3:.2d}")

ValueError: Precision not allowed in integer format specifier

print(f"{2*3:d}")

6

print(f"{2*3:20d}")

                   6

print(f"{2*3:g}")

6

print(f"{2*3:20g}")

                   6

print(f"{2*3:20.2g}")

                   6

print(f"{2*30000:20g}")

               60000

print(f"{2*3000000:20g}")

               6e+06

print(f"{2*300000:20g}")

              600000

print(f"{2*30000000:20g}")

               6e+07

b1 = "b{}k".format("")
print(b1)

bk

b1 = "b{}k".format("oo")
print(b1)

book

p = 1500.258
print(p)

1500.258

p1 = "The price of the paper is {:.0f}".format(p)
print(p1)

The price of the paper is 1500

p2 = "The price of the paper is {:.1f}".format(p)
print(p2)

The price of the paper is 1500.3

p3 = "The price of the paper is {:.2f}".format(p)
print(p3)

The price of the paper is 1500.26

p4 = "The price of the paper is {:.3f}".format(p)
print(p4)

The price of the paper is 1500.258

print("{:.2f}".format(2*3))

6.00

print("{:10.3f}".format(2*3))

     6.000

print("{:10.3g}".format(2*3))

         6

print("{:10.3d}".format(2*3))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_31549/3815388816.py in <module>
----> 1 print("{:10.3d}".format(2*3))

ValueError: Precision not allowed in integer format specifier

print("{:10d}".format(2*3))

         6

print("{:10.3g}".format(2*300000))

     6e+05

print("2+5 = {2+5}")

2+5 = {2+5}

print(f"2+5 = {2+5}")

2+5 = 7

print(f"2+5 \n = {2+5}")

2+5 
 = 7

hello = "Hello, World!" 
print(hello + hello) 

Hello, World!Hello, World!

hello = "Hello, World! " 
print(hello + hello) 

Hello, World! Hello, World! 

print(hello * 5)

Hello, World! Hello, World! Hello, World! Hello, World! Hello, World! 

x1 = 4
x2 = "4"
print (x1 + x1)
print (x2 + x2)

8
44

print(x1 + x2)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_89974/3942653987.py in <module>
----> 1 print(x1 + x2)

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

print(x1 + int(x2))

8

print(str(x1) + x2)

44

print(x1 + float(x2))

8.0

تبدیل نوع متغیرها از نوعی به نوع دیگر

print(x1, type(x1), type(str(x1)), type(float(x1)), type(complex(x1)), type(bool(x1)))

4 <class 'int'> <class 'str'> <class 'float'> <class 'complex'> <class 'bool'>

رنجها، لیستها، توپلزها، دیکشنریها، و آریه ها

Ranges, Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, and Arrays

Ranges

x = range(5, 20, 4) # Start, Stop, Step
for n in x:
    print(n) 

5
9
13
17

x = range(20, 2, -4) # Start, Stop, Negative Step
for n in x:
    print(n) 

20
16
12
8

x = range(2, 6) # By default Step =1
for n in x:
    print(n) 

2
3
4
5

x = range(5) # By default Start = 0, Step =1
for n in x:
    print(n) 

0
1
2
3
4

print(list(range(0)))         # empty range

print(list(range(10)))        # using range(stop)

print(list(range(1, 10)))     # using range(start, stop)

print(list(range(1, 10, 2)))  # using range(start, stop, step)

[]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

start = 2
stop = 20
step = 3

print(list(range(start, stop, step)))

[2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17]

start = 2
stop = -16
step = -3

print(list(range(start, stop, step)))

stop = 16
# value constraint not met
print(list(range(start, stop, step)))

[2, -1, -4, -7, -10, -13]
[]

Lists

x = [1, 2, 5, 8, 15]
x

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15]

x = [1, 2, 5, 8, 15, "pencil"]
x

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil']

x = [1, 2, 5, 8, 15, "pencil", [4, 8]]
x

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', [4, 8]]

x[0]

1

x[1]

2

x[2]

5

x[3]

8

x[4]

15

x[5]

'pencil'

x[6]

[4, 8]

x[6][0]

4

x[6][1]

8

print(x[1])
x[1] + 4

2

6

y1 = [1, 2, 5, 8, 15, "pencil", [4, 8]]
y1

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', [4, 8]]

y1[4:]

[15, 'pencil', [4, 8], 50]

y1[3:6]

[8, 15, 'pencil']

y1.append(50)
y1

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', [4, 8], 50]

y2 = y1 + [60, 61]
y2

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', [4, 8], 50, 60, 61]

y3 = y2
del(y3[6])
y3

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', 50, 60, 61]

2 in y2 # is the value 9 found in n? True/False

True

[4, 8] in y2

False

[4, 8] in y3

False

print(y1) 
len(y1)

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', [4, 8], 50]

8

print(y2)
len(y2)

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', 50, 60, 61]

9

print(y3)
len(y3)

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', 50, 60, 61]

9

y4 = y3 + [60, 60, 60]
print(y4)
y4.count(60) # Return the number of times x appears in the list.

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', 50, 60, 61, 60, 60, 60]

4

y3.count("pencil")

1

my_combined_list = ['alpha', 8]+['beta', False, 9]  # Combining two lists -- Method 1
print(mylist)

['alpha', 8, 'beta', False, 9]

mylist = ['alpha', 8]
mylist.extend(['beta', False, 9])   # Combining two lists -- Method 2
print(mylist)

['alpha', 8, 'beta', False, 9]

y5 = y3
y5.append(15)
print(y5)
y5.count(15)

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', 50, 60, 61, 15]

2

list1 = list(range(10))
print(list1)
list1.append(11)  # Adding an element to a list
print(list1)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11]

list2 = list(range(15))
print(list2)
list2.insert(5,'Book') # inserting an element to a list
print(list2)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 'Book', 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]

list3 = list(range(15))
print(list3)
list3.pop(8) # removing an element from a list
print(list3)
list3.pop() # removing the last element from a list
print(list3)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]

y5.index(8)

3

y6 = y5
print(y6)
y6.reverse()
print(y6)

[1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 'pencil', 50, 60, 61, 15]
[15, 61, 60, 50, 'pencil', 15, 8, 5, 2, 1]

a = [1,2,3,4]
b = a
b[1] = 6
a

[1, 6, 3, 4]

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
x

[1, 2, 3, 4]

x[1] = 14   # list is not a constant and can be changed
x

[1, 14, 3, 4]

# sorting a list
x = [6, 4, 8, 3, 12]
x.sort()            
print(x)

[3, 4, 6, 8, 12]

sorted([5, 2, 3, 1, 4])

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

x = ['abc', 'ab', 'abcdefgh', 'abcde']
x.sort(key = len)
print(x)

['ab', 'abc', 'abcde', 'abcdefgh']

sorted("This is a test to show how Python sorted function works".split(), key=str.lower)

['a',
 'function',
 'how',
 'is',
 'Python',
 'show',
 'sorted',
 'test',
 'This',
 'to',
 'works']

# Slicing selectes a part of a list
x = [10, 5, 12, 4, 46, 24, 99, 0]
print(x)

y1 = x[2:6]    # from index 2 to index 6
print(y1)

y2 = x[2:6:2]  # from index 2 to index 6 by step 2
print(y2)

y3=x[:6]       # from beginning to index 6
print(y3)

y4=x[3:]       # from index 3 to end
print(y4)

y5=x[-3:]      # from the third last index to the end
print(y5)

y6=x[::1]      # from index 0 to the end
print(y6)

y7=x[1::2]     # from index 1 to the end by step 2
print(y7)

y8=x[::-1]     # reverse
print(y8)

[10, 5, 12, 4, 46, 24, 99, 0]
[12, 4, 46, 24]
[12, 46]
[10, 5, 12, 4, 46, 24]
[4, 46, 24, 99, 0]
[24, 99, 0]
[10, 5, 12, 4, 46, 24, 99, 0]
[5, 4, 24, 0]
[0, 99, 24, 46, 4, 12, 5, 10]

x = [5, 20, 8, 12, 24]
n = 0
for element in x:
    print('Index '+ str(n)+ ' ===> '+ str(element))
    n += 1

Index 0 ===> 5
Index 1 ===> 20
Index 2 ===> 8
Index 3 ===> 12
Index 4 ===> 24

x = [5, 20, 8, 12, 24]
for n, element in enumerate(x):
    print('Index '+ str(n)+ ' ===> '+ str(element))

Index 0 ===> 5
Index 1 ===> 20
Index 2 ===> 8
Index 3 ===> 12
Index 4 ===> 24

Tuple

Lists are a flexible and user-friendly way to store sequences of numbers, and are used in nearly all Python programs. However, a few other data types are also made to store sequences of data. One of the most important ones is called a tuple, and it is essentially a constant list that cannot be changed. A tuple is defined in almost the same way as a list, but with normal parentheses instead of the square brackets. Alternatively, we can skip the parentheses and just use a comma-separated sequence of values to define a tuple.

x = (1, 2, 2, 4, 5)
x

(1, 2, 2, 4, 5)

type(x)

tuple

x[1] 

2

x[-1]   # We can also use negative indexing with tuples

5

x[-2]

4

x[0:3]

(1, 2, 2)

x[:]

(1, 2, 2, 4, 5)

x[0:3:2]

(1, 2)

x[::2]  # Increment = 2

(1, 2, 5)

x[::-1] # Negative increament

(5, 4, 2, 2, 1)

x[1] = 25    # tuple is essentially a constant list that cannot be changed

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_89974/2192919023.py in <module>
----> 1 x[1] = 25    # tuple is essentially a constant list that cannot be changed

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

y = 1, 2, 3   # a tuple can be also defined without parentheses
y

(1, 2, 3)

x1 = x + (6, 7, 8) # add two tuples

x[3:]

(4, 5)

x1[3:]

(4, 5, 6, 7, 8)

x2 = (6, 4, 9), (3, 7)   # nested tuple ===> tuple of tuples
x2

((6, 4, 9), (3, 7))

print(x)
print(min(x))
print(max(x))
print(x2)
print(min(x2))
print(max(x2))

(1, 2, 2, 4, 5)
1
5
((6, 4, 9), (3, 7))
(3, 7)
(6, 4, 9)

a = ('ABCDEFG') 
print(max(a))
print(min(a))

G
A

a = (10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1)
print(sorted(a))
print(sum(a))

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
55

a = (1,2,3)
(one,two,three) = a    # assigning multiple values at once
print(one)

1

a1=[1,2,3]
(one,two, three) = a1
a1

[1, 2, 3]

a2=[4,5,6]
[four,five,six] = a2
a2

[4, 5, 6]

tuple([4, 0, 6])      # converting a list to a tuple

(4, 0, 6)

tuple('Nice Book')

('N', 'i', 'c', 'e', ' ', 'B', 'o', 'o', 'k')

tuple1 = tuple()
print(tuple1)
  
# when an iterable(e.g., list) is passed
list1= [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] 
tuple2 = tuple(list1)
print(tuple2)
  
# when an iterable(e.g., string) is passed
string = "geeksforgeeks" 
tuple3 = tuple(string)
print(tuple3)

()
(1, 2, 3, 4)
('g', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', 'f', 'o', 'r', 'g', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's')

تفاوت بین لیست و توپل چیست؟

mytuple = (1,2,3,4,5)
mylist = [1,2,3,4,5]

# Append a number to the tuple
mytuple.append(6)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_23035/6683646.py in <module>
      3 
      4 # Append a number to the tuple
----> 5 mytuple.append(6)

AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'

خطای فوق به این دلیل روی داده است که ما نمی توانیم به توپل اضافه یا از آن حذف کنیم ولی به لیست می توانیم

mytuple1 = (1,2,3,4,5)
mylist1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

# Append a number to the list
mylist.append(6) # adding 6 to the list
mylist.append(7) # adding 7 to the list
mylist.append(8) # adding 8 to the list
print(mylist)    # removing 8 from the list
mylist.remove(8)
print(mylist)

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

tup=tuple([[1,2], 'list', {'firstletter:' 'a', 'secondletter:' 'b'}])
tup[0].append("5")
tup

([1, 2, '5'], 'list', {'firstletter:a', 'secondletter:b'})

mytuple1 = (1,2,3,4,5)
mytuple2 = (6,7,8,9,10)
mylist1 = [1,2,3,4,5]
mylist2 = [6,7,8,9,10]
print(mytuple1 + mytuple2)
print(mylist1 + mylist2)

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

print(mytuple1 + mylist1)   # we cannot concatenate a tuple to a list

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_23035/308024293.py in <module>
----> 1 print(mytuple1 + mylist1)   # we cannot concatenate a tuple to a list

TypeError: can only concatenate tuple (not "list") to tuple

x1 = [5, 4, 3, 2] 
x1[3] = 7    # In contrast to tuples, the length of a list can vary and their contents can be modified

x1

[5, 4, 3, 7]

#Like "tuple" function for converting a list to a tuple, the "list" function converts a tuple to a list
x2 = (4, "book", 2==1+1, 8)
x3= list(x2)   # converting a tuple to a list
print(x2)
print(type(x2))
print(x3)
print(type(x3))

(4, 'book', True, 8)
<class 'tuple'>
[4, 'book', True, 8]
<class 'list'>

Dictionary

d1 = {1:2}
print(d1)
d1[1]

{1: 2}

2

d2 = {"necessary":"essential"}
print(d2)
d2["necessary"]

{'necessary': 'essential'}

'essential'

d3 = {"decrease":"reduce", "increase":"raise", 4:"2*2"}
print(d3)
d3["decrease"], d3["increase"], d3[4]

{'decrease': 'reduce', 'increase': 'raise', 4: '2*2'}

('reduce', 'raise', '2*2')

# when an iterable(e.g., dictionary) is passed
dict = { 1 : 'one', 2 : 'two' } 
tuple3 = tuple(dict)
print(tuple3)

(1, 2)

tuple4=tuple([[3, 4,5], 'textbook', {'2:' 'two', '6:' 'six'}, 4!=3*2])# a tuple of list, string, dictionary, boolean
tuple4

([3, 4, 5], 'textbook', {'2:two', '6:six'}, True)

tuple4[1] = 'cat'

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_23035/933136581.py in <module>
----> 1 tuple4[1] = 'cat'

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

Array using NumPy Library

NumPy is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays

NumPy offers comprehensive mathematical functions, random number generators, linear algebra routines, Fourier transforms, and more

import numpy as np

np

<module 'numpy' from '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>

x = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8])    # here x is an array
x

array([2, 4, 6, 8])

y = [2, 4, 6, 8]    # here y is a list
y

[2, 4, 6, 8]

تفاوت بین آرایه و لیست چیست؟

y * 2

[2, 4, 6, 8, 2, 4, 6, 8]

x * 2

array([ 4,  8, 12, 16])

y + 2 * y

[2, 4, 6, 8, 2, 4, 6, 8, 2, 4, 6, 8]

x + 2 * x

array([ 6, 12, 18, 24])

x.append(5)    # append does not work for an array

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_89974/1397086028.py in <module>
----> 1 x.append(5)

AttributeError: 'numpy.ndarray' object has no attribute 'append'

y.append(5)  # append works for an list
y

[2, 4, 6, 8, 5, 5]

y ** 2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_89974/2162179210.py in <module>
----> 1 y ** 2

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): 'list' and 'int'

x ** 2

array([ 4, 16, 36, 64])

1 / y

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_89974/944063955.py in <module>
----> 1 1 / y

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'list'

1 / x

array([0.5       , 0.25      , 0.16666667, 0.125     ])

x = np.arange(0, 10, 1)
x

array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

x = np.arange(0, 10, 2)
x

array([0, 2, 4, 6, 8])

مجموعه

A set is like a dictionary withouth keys.

set([5,5,2,2,2,4,9,10,10,2])  # Elements are not repeated in a set

{2, 4, 5, 9, 10}

A={6, 8, 2, 8, 10}
B={1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 2}
A.union(B)      # اجتماع دو مجموعه

{1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}

A.intersection(B) 

{2, 8}

Linspace

Creating Ranges of Numbers With Even Spacing

np.linspace(): Create Evenly or Non-Evenly Spaced Arrays

import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 500)  # (10 - 0) / (500 - 1) = 1 / 499 = 0.02004008016
x

array([ 0.        ,  0.02004008,  0.04008016,  0.06012024,  0.08016032,
        0.1002004 ,  0.12024048,  0.14028056,  0.16032064,  0.18036072,
        0.2004008 ,  0.22044088,  0.24048096,  0.26052104,  0.28056112,
        0.3006012 ,  0.32064128,  0.34068136,  0.36072144,  0.38076152,
        0.4008016 ,  0.42084168,  0.44088176,  0.46092184,  0.48096192,
        0.501002  ,  0.52104208,  0.54108216,  0.56112224,  0.58116232,
        0.6012024 ,  0.62124248,  0.64128257,  0.66132265,  0.68136273,
        0.70140281,  0.72144289,  0.74148297,  0.76152305,  0.78156313,
        0.80160321,  0.82164329,  0.84168337,  0.86172345,  0.88176353,
        0.90180361,  0.92184369,  0.94188377,  0.96192385,  0.98196393,
        1.00200401,  1.02204409,  1.04208417,  1.06212425,  1.08216433,
        1.10220441,  1.12224449,  1.14228457,  1.16232465,  1.18236473,
        1.20240481,  1.22244489,  1.24248497,  1.26252505,  1.28256513,
        1.30260521,  1.32264529,  1.34268537,  1.36272545,  1.38276553,
        1.40280561,  1.42284569,  1.44288577,  1.46292585,  1.48296593,
        1.50300601,  1.52304609,  1.54308617,  1.56312625,  1.58316633,
        1.60320641,  1.62324649,  1.64328657,  1.66332665,  1.68336673,
        1.70340681,  1.72344689,  1.74348697,  1.76352705,  1.78356713,
        1.80360721,  1.82364729,  1.84368737,  1.86372745,  1.88376754,
        1.90380762,  1.9238477 ,  1.94388778,  1.96392786,  1.98396794,
        2.00400802,  2.0240481 ,  2.04408818,  2.06412826,  2.08416834,
        2.10420842,  2.1242485 ,  2.14428858,  2.16432866,  2.18436874,
        2.20440882,  2.2244489 ,  2.24448898,  2.26452906,  2.28456914,
        2.30460922,  2.3246493 ,  2.34468938,  2.36472946,  2.38476954,
        2.40480962,  2.4248497 ,  2.44488978,  2.46492986,  2.48496994,
        2.50501002,  2.5250501 ,  2.54509018,  2.56513026,  2.58517034,
        2.60521042,  2.6252505 ,  2.64529058,  2.66533066,  2.68537074,
        2.70541082,  2.7254509 ,  2.74549098,  2.76553106,  2.78557114,
        2.80561122,  2.8256513 ,  2.84569138,  2.86573146,  2.88577154,
        2.90581162,  2.9258517 ,  2.94589178,  2.96593186,  2.98597194,
        3.00601202,  3.0260521 ,  3.04609218,  3.06613226,  3.08617234,
        3.10621242,  3.12625251,  3.14629259,  3.16633267,  3.18637275,
        3.20641283,  3.22645291,  3.24649299,  3.26653307,  3.28657315,
        3.30661323,  3.32665331,  3.34669339,  3.36673347,  3.38677355,
        3.40681363,  3.42685371,  3.44689379,  3.46693387,  3.48697395,
        3.50701403,  3.52705411,  3.54709419,  3.56713427,  3.58717435,
        3.60721443,  3.62725451,  3.64729459,  3.66733467,  3.68737475,
        3.70741483,  3.72745491,  3.74749499,  3.76753507,  3.78757515,
        3.80761523,  3.82765531,  3.84769539,  3.86773547,  3.88777555,
        3.90781563,  3.92785571,  3.94789579,  3.96793587,  3.98797595,
        4.00801603,  4.02805611,  4.04809619,  4.06813627,  4.08817635,
        4.10821643,  4.12825651,  4.14829659,  4.16833667,  4.18837675,
        4.20841683,  4.22845691,  4.24849699,  4.26853707,  4.28857715,
        4.30861723,  4.32865731,  4.34869739,  4.36873747,  4.38877756,
        4.40881764,  4.42885772,  4.4488978 ,  4.46893788,  4.48897796,
        4.50901804,  4.52905812,  4.5490982 ,  4.56913828,  4.58917836,
        4.60921844,  4.62925852,  4.6492986 ,  4.66933868,  4.68937876,
        4.70941884,  4.72945892,  4.749499  ,  4.76953908,  4.78957916,
        4.80961924,  4.82965932,  4.8496994 ,  4.86973948,  4.88977956,
        4.90981964,  4.92985972,  4.9498998 ,  4.96993988,  4.98997996,
        5.01002004,  5.03006012,  5.0501002 ,  5.07014028,  5.09018036,
        5.11022044,  5.13026052,  5.1503006 ,  5.17034068,  5.19038076,
        5.21042084,  5.23046092,  5.250501  ,  5.27054108,  5.29058116,
        5.31062124,  5.33066132,  5.3507014 ,  5.37074148,  5.39078156,
        5.41082164,  5.43086172,  5.4509018 ,  5.47094188,  5.49098196,
        5.51102204,  5.53106212,  5.5511022 ,  5.57114228,  5.59118236,
        5.61122244,  5.63126253,  5.65130261,  5.67134269,  5.69138277,
        5.71142285,  5.73146293,  5.75150301,  5.77154309,  5.79158317,
        5.81162325,  5.83166333,  5.85170341,  5.87174349,  5.89178357,
        5.91182365,  5.93186373,  5.95190381,  5.97194389,  5.99198397,
        6.01202405,  6.03206413,  6.05210421,  6.07214429,  6.09218437,
        6.11222445,  6.13226453,  6.15230461,  6.17234469,  6.19238477,
        6.21242485,  6.23246493,  6.25250501,  6.27254509,  6.29258517,
        6.31262525,  6.33266533,  6.35270541,  6.37274549,  6.39278557,
        6.41282565,  6.43286573,  6.45290581,  6.47294589,  6.49298597,
        6.51302605,  6.53306613,  6.55310621,  6.57314629,  6.59318637,
        6.61322645,  6.63326653,  6.65330661,  6.67334669,  6.69338677,
        6.71342685,  6.73346693,  6.75350701,  6.77354709,  6.79358717,
        6.81362725,  6.83366733,  6.85370741,  6.87374749,  6.89378758,
        6.91382766,  6.93386774,  6.95390782,  6.9739479 ,  6.99398798,
        7.01402806,  7.03406814,  7.05410822,  7.0741483 ,  7.09418838,
        7.11422846,  7.13426854,  7.15430862,  7.1743487 ,  7.19438878,
        7.21442886,  7.23446894,  7.25450902,  7.2745491 ,  7.29458918,
        7.31462926,  7.33466934,  7.35470942,  7.3747495 ,  7.39478958,
        7.41482966,  7.43486974,  7.45490982,  7.4749499 ,  7.49498998,
        7.51503006,  7.53507014,  7.55511022,  7.5751503 ,  7.59519038,
        7.61523046,  7.63527054,  7.65531062,  7.6753507 ,  7.69539078,
        7.71543086,  7.73547094,  7.75551102,  7.7755511 ,  7.79559118,
        7.81563126,  7.83567134,  7.85571142,  7.8757515 ,  7.89579158,
        7.91583166,  7.93587174,  7.95591182,  7.9759519 ,  7.99599198,
        8.01603206,  8.03607214,  8.05611222,  8.0761523 ,  8.09619238,
        8.11623246,  8.13627255,  8.15631263,  8.17635271,  8.19639279,
        8.21643287,  8.23647295,  8.25651303,  8.27655311,  8.29659319,
        8.31663327,  8.33667335,  8.35671343,  8.37675351,  8.39679359,
        8.41683367,  8.43687375,  8.45691383,  8.47695391,  8.49699399,
        8.51703407,  8.53707415,  8.55711423,  8.57715431,  8.59719439,
        8.61723447,  8.63727455,  8.65731463,  8.67735471,  8.69739479,
        8.71743487,  8.73747495,  8.75751503,  8.77755511,  8.79759519,
        8.81763527,  8.83767535,  8.85771543,  8.87775551,  8.89779559,
        8.91783567,  8.93787575,  8.95791583,  8.97795591,  8.99799599,
        9.01803607,  9.03807615,  9.05811623,  9.07815631,  9.09819639,
        9.11823647,  9.13827655,  9.15831663,  9.17835671,  9.19839679,
        9.21843687,  9.23847695,  9.25851703,  9.27855711,  9.29859719,
        9.31863727,  9.33867735,  9.35871743,  9.37875752,  9.3987976 ,
        9.41883768,  9.43887776,  9.45891784,  9.47895792,  9.498998  ,
        9.51903808,  9.53907816,  9.55911824,  9.57915832,  9.5991984 ,
        9.61923848,  9.63927856,  9.65931864,  9.67935872,  9.6993988 ,
        9.71943888,  9.73947896,  9.75951904,  9.77955912,  9.7995992 ,
        9.81963928,  9.83967936,  9.85971944,  9.87975952,  9.8997996 ,
        9.91983968,  9.93987976,  9.95991984,  9.97995992, 10.        ])

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 20)   # 10 / 19 = 0.5263157895
x

array([ 0.        ,  0.52631579,  1.05263158,  1.57894737,  2.10526316,
        2.63157895,  3.15789474,  3.68421053,  4.21052632,  4.73684211,
        5.26315789,  5.78947368,  6.31578947,  6.84210526,  7.36842105,
        7.89473684,  8.42105263,  8.94736842,  9.47368421, 10.        ])

np.linspace(1, 10)    # defalt 50; (10-1)/(50-1)=9/49=1.18367347

array([ 1.        ,  1.18367347,  1.36734694,  1.55102041,  1.73469388,
        1.91836735,  2.10204082,  2.28571429,  2.46938776,  2.65306122,
        2.83673469,  3.02040816,  3.20408163,  3.3877551 ,  3.57142857,
        3.75510204,  3.93877551,  4.12244898,  4.30612245,  4.48979592,
        4.67346939,  4.85714286,  5.04081633,  5.2244898 ,  5.40816327,
        5.59183673,  5.7755102 ,  5.95918367,  6.14285714,  6.32653061,
        6.51020408,  6.69387755,  6.87755102,  7.06122449,  7.24489796,
        7.42857143,  7.6122449 ,  7.79591837,  7.97959184,  8.16326531,
        8.34693878,  8.53061224,  8.71428571,  8.89795918,  9.08163265,
        9.26530612,  9.44897959,  9.63265306,  9.81632653, 10.        ])

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 10)
x

array([ 0.        ,  1.11111111,  2.22222222,  3.33333333,  4.44444444,
        5.55555556,  6.66666667,  7.77777778,  8.88888889, 10.        ])

x = np.linspace(0, 9, 10)
x

array([0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9.])

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
x

array([ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.,  4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.,  9., 10.])

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 10)
x

array([ 0.        ,  1.11111111,  2.22222222,  3.33333333,  4.44444444,
        5.55555556,  6.66666667,  7.77777778,  8.88888889, 10.        ])

x = np.linspace(1, 10, 10)
x

array([ 1.,  2.,  3.,  4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.,  9., 10.])

np.linspace(1, 10, num=10)

array([ 1.,  2.,  3.,  4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.,  9., 10.])

np.linspace(1, 10, 5)

array([ 1.  ,  3.25,  5.5 ,  7.75, 10.  ])

np.linspace(-10, 10, 25)

array([-10.        ,  -9.16666667,  -8.33333333,  -7.5       ,
        -6.66666667,  -5.83333333,  -5.        ,  -4.16666667,
        -3.33333333,  -2.5       ,  -1.66666667,  -0.83333333,
         0.        ,   0.83333333,   1.66666667,   2.5       ,
         3.33333333,   4.16666667,   5.        ,   5.83333333,
         6.66666667,   7.5       ,   8.33333333,   9.16666667,
        10.        ])

range(1, 11)

range(1, 11)

list(range(1, 11))

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

np.linspace(1, 10, 10)

array([ 1.,  2.,  3.,  4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.,  9., 10.])

list(range(2, 30, 2))

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28]

np.arange(2, 30, 2)

array([ 2,  4,  6,  8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28])

np.linspace(2, 30, 15)

array([ 2.,  4.,  6.,  8., 10., 12., 14., 16., 18., 20., 22., 24., 26.,
       28., 30.])

np.linspace(start=[0, 10, 20], stop=[100, 220, 440], num=11)

array([[  0.,  10.,  20.],
       [ 10.,  31.,  62.],
       [ 20.,  52., 104.],
       [ 30.,  73., 146.],
       [ 40.,  94., 188.],
       [ 50., 115., 230.],
       [ 60., 136., 272.],
       [ 70., 157., 314.],
       [ 80., 178., 356.],
       [ 90., 199., 398.],
       [100., 220., 440.]])

np.linspace(start=[0, 10, 20], stop=[100, 220, 440], num=11, axis = 1)

array([[  0.,  10.,  20.,  30.,  40.,  50.,  60.,  70.,  80.,  90., 100.],
       [ 10.,  31.,  52.,  73.,  94., 115., 136., 157., 178., 199., 220.],
       [ 20.,  62., 104., 146., 188., 230., 272., 314., 356., 398., 440.]])

np.linspace(start=[0, 10, 20], stop=[100, 220, 440], num=11, axis = 0)

array([[  0.,  10.,  20.],
       [ 10.,  31.,  62.],
       [ 20.,  52., 104.],
       [ 30.,  73., 146.],
       [ 40.,  94., 188.],
       [ 50., 115., 230.],
       [ 60., 136., 272.],
       [ 70., 157., 314.],
       [ 80., 178., 356.],
       [ 90., 199., 398.],
       [100., 220., 440.]])

Plotting using matplotlib

Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)
y = x
plt.plot(x ,y)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fd8938b23d0>]

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 10)
y = x ** 2
plt.plot(x ,y)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe9193468b0>]

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)
y = x ** 2
plt.plot(x ,y)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe91943b1c0>]

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 8)
y = x ** 2
plt.plot(x ,y)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fd893b95a90>]

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 8)
y = x ** 2
plt.plot(x ,y, 'ro')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fd893c8c220>]

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 8)
y = x ** 2
plt.plot(x ,y, 'bo-')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fd893e654f0>]

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 8)
y = x ** 2
plt.plot(x ,y, 'ro--')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fd893ee99a0>]

https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 8)
y = x ** 2

plt.plot(x,y)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe9184f77c0>]

plt.plot(y)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe9186018b0>]

plt.plot(x,y, 'ro')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918681100>]

plt.plot(x,y, '-ro')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe9187738b0>]

plt.plot(x,y, '--ro')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918877220>]

plt.plot(x,y, 'bo')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe91896a7c0>]

plt.plot(y, 'r+')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918a711c0>]

plt.plot(y, 'rs')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918b69160>]

plt.plot(y, 'rd')

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918c044f0>]

plt.plot(y, 'rs-', linewidth=1, markersize=12)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918d54760>]

plt.plot(y, 'rs', markersize=12)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918e519d0>]

plt.plot(x, y, 'rs-', color="green", linewidth=1, markersize=12)

/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_21923/3510529404.py:1: UserWarning: color is redundantly defined by the 'color' keyword argument and the fmt string "rs-" (-> color='r'). The keyword argument will take precedence.
  plt.plot(x, y, 'rs-', color="green", linewidth=1, markersize=12)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe918f59a00>]

plt.plot(x, y, 's-', color="green", linewidth=1, markersize=12)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe91905f2e0>]

plt.plot(x, y, 's-', color="green", marker="o", linewidth=1, markersize=12)

/var/folders/dw/p9lncvq57tv4px69pk911vl40000gn/T/ipykernel_21923/2501196732.py:1: UserWarning: marker is redundantly defined by the 'marker' keyword argument and the fmt string "s-" (-> marker='s'). The keyword argument will take precedence.
  plt.plot(x, y, 's-', color="green", marker="o", linewidth=1, markersize=12)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe9190f3be0>]

plt.plot(x, y, '-', color="green", marker="o", linewidth=1, markersize=12)

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe9191fa370>]

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 8)
y = x ** 2
plt.plot(x,y,'ro--')
plt.xlabel('x(m)', fontsize=30)
plt.ylabel('y(m)', fontsize=30)
plt.grid()